# 性能测试-JMeter分布式测试及其详细步骤

# 性能测试概要

性能测试是软件测试中的一种,它可以衡量系统的稳定性、扩展性、可靠性、速度和资源使用。它可以发现性能瓶颈,确保能满足业务需求。很多系统都需要做性能测试,如Web应用、数据库和操作系统等。

性能测试种类非常多,有些概念也很相近:

  • Load Testing
  • Baseline Testing
  • Smoke Testing
  • Stress Testing
  • Soak Testing
  • Endurance Testing
  • Capacity Testing
  • Longevity Testing
  • Peak Testing
  • Spike Testing
  • Volume Testing
  • Capacity Tests
  • Reliability Testing
  • Scalability Testing

# 性能测试的工具

同样,性能测试的工具也非常多:

  • Apache JMeter
  • HP LoadRunner
  • Gatling
  • Blazemeter
  • k6
  • NeoLoad
  • TestComplete
  • Silk Performer
  • Rational Performance Tester
  • Apica LoadView
  • AppDynamics
  • Dynatrace
  • New Relic

很难说哪个工具是最好的,这取决于你的需求和预算。如果你想要开源易用的,那JMeter是一个不错的选择。如果你想要一个商用的工具,不妨试试LoadRunner和NeoLoad。重要的一点是,没有任何一款工具可以应对所有性能测试,很多时候我们需要组合使用。

# JMeter的分布式测试

我将在本文详细介绍JMeter的分布式测试,我们经常会通过它来做性能测试。

在分布式测试角色中,我们需要一个控制节点Controller,还有多个工作节点Workers。如果你想你的请求增加,那可以通过不断增加工作节点来实现。Controller控制Workers,但它不跑具体的测试案例。Workers是连接目标系统来做具体测试的。

整个系统架构大概如下:

Worker可以在不同的服务器上,所以叫分布式,也因此可以利用多台电脑的资源来模拟足够的请求。

# 详细步骤

我将一步步介绍如何使用JMeter分布式测试来做性能测试,大致架构如下:

Controller我放在Mac上跑,Workers我是通过两台Ubuntu服务器来跑,要注意它们的IP是在同一内网上的。目标系统为了省事,我直接请求 Bing, stackoverflow (opens new window), QQ

# Step 1: 安装JDK

Apache JMeter是用Java写的,运行它需要Java运行环境。在Ubuntu安装如下:

sudo apt install openjdk-11-jdk

# Stpe 2: 下载Apache JMeter

去官网的 download page (opens new window) 下载最新的JMeter包apache-jmeter-5.5.zip,然后解压:

unzip apache-jmeter-5.5.zip

所有节点都需要下载安装。

Controller的位置如下:

/Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5

Workers的位置如下:

home/larry/software/apache-jmeter-5.5

你不必位置和我一样,我列出来是为了与后面的命令对应上。

# Step 3: 准备测试的JMX文件

JMeter把所有的测试信息都存放在jmx文件中,打开工具写测试案例如下:

然后定义整个测试怎么跑,这里定义的是使用8个线程,60秒的热身和120秒的持续时长:

文件我放在这:

$ ls /Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/projects/pkslow
performance-test.jmx

我的案例只是Controller需要这个jmx文件,Worker是不需要的。它们可以通过RMI来交互。

# Step 4: 启动Workers

要先启动Workers,以服务器模式来启动,启动后不会执行什么测试,它会等待与它连接的Controller和指令:

  • Worker 1:
$ /home/larry/software/apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/jmeter-server -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true -Djava.rmi.server.hostname=192.168.50.171
Created remote object: UnicastServerRef2 [liveRef: [endpoint:[192.168.50.171:41709](local),objID:[-2af2edf6:1882245cfde:-7fff, 1980465993472976097]]]
  • Worker 2:
$ /home/larry/software/apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/jmeter-server -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true -Djava.rmi.server.hostname=192.168.50.60
Created remote object: UnicastServerRef2 [liveRef: [endpoint:[192.168.50.60:45337](local),objID:[18489452:1882246a88b:-7fff, 4749047852254882466]]]

注意: 可能会遇到java.rmi.RemoteException,如果你没指定参数: java.rmi.server.hostname.

$ ./software/apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/jmeter-server -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true
May 15, 2023 5:43:16 PM java.util.prefs.FileSystemPreferences$1 run
INFO: Created user preferences directory.
Created remote object: UnicastServerRef2 [liveRef: [endpoint:[127.0.1.1:33021](local),objID:[-7155c199:1881ecaf233:-7fff, -6972385484103483700]]]
Server failed to start: java.rmi.RemoteException: Cannot start. ubuntu is a loopback address.
An error occurred: Cannot start. ubuntu is a loopback address.

# Step 5: 启动Controller

所有Workers就位后,就等主帅一声令下。启动时要指定jmx文件,报告生成的位置,还有Worker的IP,如下:

$ cd /Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/

$ ./bin/jmeter -n -t projects/pkslow/performance-test.jmx -l projects/pkslow/performance-test.csv -e -o projects/pkslow/Reports -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true -R 192.168.50.171,192.168.50.60
Creating summariser <summary>
Created the tree successfully using projects/pkslow/performance-test.jmx
Configuring remote engine: 192.168.50.171
Configuring remote engine: 192.168.50.60
Starting distributed test with remote engines: [192.168.50.171, 192.168.50.60] @ May 16, 2023 10:37:31 PM CST (1684247851079)
Remote engines have been started:[192.168.50.171, 192.168.50.60]
Waiting for possible Shutdown/StopTestNow/HeapDump/ThreadDump message on port 4445
summary +      1 in 00:00:02 =    0.7/s Avg:  1260 Min:  1260 Max:  1260 Err:     0 (0.00%) Active: 2 Started: 2 Finished: 0
summary +    111 in 00:02:31 =    0.7/s Avg:  4433 Min:    41 Max: 50474 Err:     4 (3.60%) Active: 15 Started: 16 Finished: 1
summary =    112 in 00:02:33 =    0.7/s Avg:  4405 Min:    41 Max: 50474 Err:     4 (3.57%)
summary +     64 in 00:00:19 =    3.3/s Avg: 25706 Min:    62 Max: 66745 Err:    31 (48.44%) Active: 0 Started: 16 Finished: 16
summary =    176 in 00:02:52 =    1.0/s Avg: 12151 Min:    41 Max: 66745 Err:    35 (19.89%)
Tidying up remote @ May 16, 2023 10:40:24 PM CST (1684248024629)
... end of run

更多信息可以查看 jmeter.log:

$ tail -f jmeter.log 
2023-05-16 22:40:29,956 INFO o.a.j.r.d.JsonExporter: Found data for consumer statisticsSummary in context
2023-05-16 22:40:29,957 INFO o.a.j.r.d.JsonExporter: Creating statistics for overall
2023-05-16 22:40:29,957 INFO o.a.j.r.d.JsonExporter: Creating statistics for other transactions
2023-05-16 22:40:29,957 INFO o.a.j.r.d.JsonExporter: Checking output folder
2023-05-16 22:40:29,958 INFO o.a.j.r.d.JsonExporter: Writing statistics JSON to /Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/projects/pkslow/Reports/statistics.json
2023-05-16 22:40:30,006 INFO o.a.j.r.d.ReportGenerator: Exporting data using exporter:'html' of className:'org.apache.jmeter.report.dashboard.HtmlTemplateExporter'
2023-05-16 22:40:30,007 INFO o.a.j.r.d.HtmlTemplateExporter: Will generate dashboard in folder: /Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/projects/pkslow/Reports
2023-05-16 22:40:30,142 INFO o.a.j.r.d.HtmlTemplateExporter: Report will be generated in: /Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/projects/pkslow/Reports, creating folder structure
2023-05-16 22:40:30,145 INFO o.a.j.r.d.TemplateVisitor: Copying folder from '/Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/report-template' to '/Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/projects/pkslow/Reports', got message: /Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/projects/pkslow/Reports, found non empty folder with following content [/Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/projects/pkslow/Reports/statistics.json], will be ignored
2023-05-16 22:40:30,472 INFO o.a.j.JMeter: Dashboard generated

Worker收到指令也会开始工作并打印一些简单的日志:

$ /home/larry/software/apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/jmeter-server -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true -Djava.rmi.server.hostname=192.168.50.171
Created remote object: UnicastServerRef2 [liveRef: [endpoint:[192.168.50.171:44621](local),objID:[4d13369d:18824fd059a:-7fff, 2287886479123818682]]]
Starting the test on host 192.168.50.171 @ 2023 May 16 22:37:31 HKT (1684247851980)
Warning: Nashorn engine is planned to be removed from a future JDK release
Finished the test on host 192.168.50.171 @ 2023 May 16 22:40:24 HKT (1684248024679)

# Step 6: 结果和报告

整个测试跑完后,可以找到对应的结果:

$ ls -l /Users/larry/Software/apache-jmeter-5.5/projects/pkslow/
total 72
drwxr-xr-x  6 larry  staff    192 May 16 22:40 Reports
-rw-r--r--  1 larry  staff  23472 May 16 22:40 performance-test.csv
-rw-r--r--  1 larry  staff  10593 May 16 09:50 performance-test.jmx

在Reports目录下直接打开 index.html

# 其它提示

# 改变Worker的端口

Worker的默认端口是1099,但它是可以改变的,有些时候也必须改变,如设置的防火墙,或者需要在同一台Server启动多个Worker。具体命令如下:

$ /home/larry/software/apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/jmeter-server -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true -Djava.rmi.server.hostname=192.168.50.60 -Dserver_port=1984

当然,Controller也要同步调整自己的命令:

$ ./bin/jmeter -n -t projects/pkslow/performance-test.jmx -l projects/pkslow/performance-test.csv -e -o projects/pkslow/Reports -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true -R 192.168.50.171:1984,192.168.50.60:1984

# 使用nohup来跑测试

性能测试有时需要跑很长时间,建议使用nohup模式来运行:

$ nohup ./bin/jmeter -n -t projects/pkslow/performance-test.jmx -l projects/pkslow/performance-test.csv -e -o projects/pkslow/Reports -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true -R 192.168.50.171:1984,192.168.50.60:1984 &
[1] 81248

# 指定结果时添加时间

这样很清晰知道是什么时候开始跑的,也避免目录存在报错。

$ nohup ./bin/jmeter -n -t projects/pkslow/performance-test.jmx -l projects/pkslow/performance-test."$(date +%F.%T)".csv -e -o projects/pkslow/Reports-"$(date +%F.%T)" -Dserver.rmi.ssl.disable=true -R 192.168.50.171:1984,192.168.50.60:1984 &

不过这样也要注意定期清理不需要的结果,以免占用硬盘空间。

# 截取部分结果

FilterResults.sh --output-file steady.jtl --input-file original.jtl  --start-offset 120 --end-offset 360

--start-offset--end-offset 单位是秒。

插件: https://jmeter-plugins.org/wiki/FilterResultsTool/

# 从csv生成report

jmeter -g <log file> -o <Path to output folder>

# 总结

性能测试是非常重要的,而Apache JMeter开源又好用,可以在项目中使用起来。

代码请参考: LarryDpk/pkslow-samples (opens new window)


References: awesome-jmeter (opens new window) JMeter distributed testing (opens new window) How to install ssh on Ubuntu Linux using apt-get (opens new window) API Performance Testing for Success (opens new window)

上次更新: 2023/8/18 23:39:36