# Linux常用命令整理
# rm 删除
删除所有文件,以下保留(参考 (opens new window)):
rm !(textfile.txt|backup.tar.gz|script.php|database.sql|info.txt)
# cut 截取
显示第1到第5个字符,第10到第20个字符:
$ who | cut -c 1-5,10-20
# egrep 正则匹配
显示一行最后几个字符:
$ echo '1234567890' | egrep -o '.{1,5}$'
$ egrep "aaa|bbb"
# watch 监控变化
可以动态监控变化:
watch -n1 -d 'kubectl top pod --sort-by=cpu -A'
watch -n1 -d 'date'
其中-d
表示显示变化的差异内容,-n
指观察间隔,后面跟数字,-n1
表示1秒观察一次。
Mac
没有该命令,可以通过brew install watch
安装,参考osx watch (opens new window)。
# df 硬盘空间
查看文件系统硬盘空间使用情况:
df -h
# du 文件空间
查看文件空间使用情况:
du -sh ./*
# top 进程信息
显示系统进程信息,与CPU和内存。
# find 查找文件
查找文件:
$ find ./ -name "jdk*"
./jdk-8u131-linux-x64.tar.gz
./jdk1.8.0_131
查找文件,并作为后面命令的输入:
$ find . -name "*.zip" | grep jmeter| xargs unzip -l
# readlink
读取链接指向的目标值:
$ readlink -f home
/System/Volumes/Data/home
# id 用户id
查看用户ID,群组ID。
# nc 检测端口
检测端口是否可提供服务。可指定一个或多个端口,还可以指定端口范围。
$ nc -zv 127.0.0.1 80-89
Connection to 127.0.0.1 port 80 [tcp/http] succeeded!
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 81 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 82 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 83 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 84 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 85 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 86 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 87 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 88 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
nc: connectx to 127.0.0.1 port 89 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
参考:check remote port in liux (opens new window)
# telnet 检测网络连通
检测某个服务器的某个端口:
$ telnet www.pkslow.com 443
$ telnet 127.0.0.1 443
# diff 对比文件
对比文件。
diff file1 file2
diff --brief --recursive dir1/ dir2/
# DNS相关
主要有:nslookup/dig命令
$ cat /etc/resolv.conf
# To view the DNS configuration used by this system, use:
# scutil --dns
#
# SEE ALSO
# dns-sd(1), scutil(8)
#
# This file is automatically generated.
#
search DHCP HOST
nameserver 192.168.3.1
nameserver 192.168.1.1
$ nslookup www.pkslow.com
Server: 192.168.3.1
Address: 192.168.3.1#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: www.pkslow.com
Address: 8.129.104.229
$ dig www.pkslow.com
; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> www.pkslow.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 6227
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 18
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.pkslow.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.pkslow.com. 283 IN A 8.129.104.229
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
pkslow.com. 172483 IN NS dns20.hichina.com.
pkslow.com. 172483 IN NS dns19.hichina.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
dns19.hichina.com. 172303 IN A 140.205.81.17
dns19.hichina.com. 172303 IN A 140.205.81.27
dns19.hichina.com. 172303 IN A 106.11.141.117
dns19.hichina.com. 172303 IN A 106.11.141.127
dns19.hichina.com. 172303 IN A 106.11.211.57
dns19.hichina.com. 172303 IN A 106.11.211.67
dns19.hichina.com. 172303 IN A 140.205.41.17
dns19.hichina.com. 172303 IN A 140.205.41.27
dns20.hichina.com. 3490 IN A 140.205.41.28
dns20.hichina.com. 3490 IN A 140.205.81.18
dns20.hichina.com. 3490 IN A 140.205.81.28
dns20.hichina.com. 3490 IN A 106.11.141.118
dns20.hichina.com. 3490 IN A 106.11.141.128
dns20.hichina.com. 3490 IN A 106.11.211.58
dns20.hichina.com. 3490 IN A 106.11.211.68
dns20.hichina.com. 3490 IN A 140.205.41.18
dns19.hichina.com. 3081 IN AAAA 2400:3200:2000:38::1
dns20.hichina.com. 172303 IN AAAA 2400:3200:2000:39::1
;; Query time: 9 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.3.1#53(192.168.3.1)
;; WHEN: Wed May 05 09:49:22 CST 2021
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 408
# useradd 添加用户
可以使用以下命令添加用户:
useradd [OPTIONS] USERNAME
只有root用户或者有sudo权限的用户才可以执行。
添加用户的默认配置在文件/etc/default/useradd
里,可通过以下命令查看:
$ useradd -D
GROUP=100
HOME=/home
INACTIVE=-1
EXPIRE=
SHELL=/bin/bash
SKEL=/etc/skel
CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
添加完如果需要设置密码:
$ passwd username
创建用户的Home目录(-m/--create-home):
$ useradd -m username
创建的目录是/home/username
指定用户目录:
如果不想使用默认在/home
下创建目录,则可通过(-d/--home)指定:
$ useradd -m -d /opt/username username
指定用户ID(-u/--uid):
$ useradd -u 2000 username
指定群组(-g/--gid):
$ useradd -g users username
加到多个groups:
$ useradd -g users -G wheel,developers username
指定登陆shell(-s/--shell):
useradd -s /bin/bash username
指定失效日期(-e/--expiredate):
useradd -e 2021-10-10 username
可通过以下命令查看失效日期:
$ chage -l username
更多请参考:useradd (opens new window)
# zip/unzip 解压
压缩:
$ zip my.zip file1 file2 file3
$zip -r my.zip folder1
添加文件到压缩文件:
$ zip -u my.zip file4
删除压缩文件里的文件:
$ zip -d my.zip file4
解压到特定目录:
$ unzip file.zip -d destination_folder
解压特定文件到特定目录:
$ unzip file.zip filename -d destination_folder
解压到标准输出:
$ unzip -p file.zip filename
不解压文件查看:
$ unzip -l my.zip
更多请参考:zip/unzip (opens new window)
# xmllint读取xml文件
$ xmllint --xpath "//*[local-name()='project']/*[local-name()='modules']" pom.xml
<modules>
<module>springboot-common</module>
<module>spring-data-jpa-audit</module>
<module>spring-security-jwt</module>
<module>spring-security-jwt-webflux</module>
<module>spring-data-cassandra</module>
<module>springboot-influxdb</module>
<module>spring-data-jpa-db2</module>
<module>springboot-jms-solace</module>
<module>springboot-ssl</module>
<module>springboot-ssl-tomcat</module>
<module>springboot-ssl-jetty</module>
<module>spring-boot-native-graalvm</module>
<module>spring-boot-native-without-buildtools</module>
</modules>
$ xmllint --xpath "//*[local-name()='project']/*[local-name()='artifactId']/text()" pom.xml
spring-boot
$ xmllint --xpath "//*[local-name()='project']/*[local-name()='artifactId']" pom.xml
<artifactId>spring-boot</artifactId>
# ssh
连接ssh:
$ ssh root@196.168.1.1
当我们通过上面命令连接服务器时,如果同一个地址或hostname,但指向不同的服务器,就会报错:
$ ssh root@45.77.169.198
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!
Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!
It is also possible that a host key has just been changed.
The fingerprint for the ED25519 key sent by the remote host is
SHA256:k03xy8MD20Peefq0tZ9YS5DkW/FdB180bvMji2/ZLm8.
Please contact your system administrator.
Add correct host key in /Users/larry/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.
Offending ECDSA key in /Users/larry/.ssh/known_hosts:42
Host key for 45.77.169.198 has changed and you have requested strict checking.
Host key verification failed.
执行下面命令后,再连接就可以了:
$ ssh-keygen -R 45.77.169.198
# Host 45.77.169.198 found: line 40
# Host 45.77.169.198 found: line 41
# Host 45.77.169.198 found: line 42
/Users/larry/.ssh/known_hosts updated.
Original contents retained as /Users/larry/.ssh/known_hosts.old
# json
在shell中格式化json的response:
$ curl http://localhost:8080/api/katharsis/students/1 | jq .
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 139 0 139 0 0 4076 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 5560
{
"data": {
"id": "1",
"type": "students",
"attributes": {
"name": "Larry Deng"
},
"links": {
"self": "https://www.pkslow.com/api/katharsis/students/1"
}
}
}
$ curl http://localhost:8080/api/katharsis/students/1 | python3 -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 139 0 139 0 0 13516 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 34750
{
"data": {
"id": "1",
"type": "students",
"attributes": {
"name": "Larry Deng"
},
"links": {
"self": "https://www.pkslow.com/api/katharsis/students/1"
}
}
}
# vmstat
vmstat
是常用的Linux监控工具,可以查看内存、硬盘等信息。
$ vmstat 10 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 0 216340 584 2322740 0 0 1 36 0 1 3 2 95 0 0
0 0 0 216056 584 2322772 0 0 0 22 921 1778 1 1 99 0 0
0 0 0 215804 584 2322772 0 0 0 3 909 1754 1 1 99 0 0
0 0 0 215680 584 2322772 0 0 0 4 976 1832 2 1 98 0 0
0 0 0 215936 584 2322808 0 0 0 30 924 1761 1 1 99 0 0
这个命令意思是每10秒采集一次,共采集5次。
# date
在命令行中加上日期,如创建文件等:
$ echo "$(date +%F.%T)"
2023-05-16.10:36:20
$ echo "$(date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')"
2023-05-26 11:33:23
help and date formats (opens new window)
# date与timestamp转换
$ date
Mon Jun 19 11:14:33 CST 2023
$ date -d 'Mon Jun 19 11:14:33 CST 2023' '+%s'
1687144473
$ date -d @1687144473
Mon Jun 19 11:14:33 CST 2023
$ date -d @1687144473 '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'
2023-06-19 11:14:33
# grep
# 显示行号
grep -n
# 显示前后10行
grep -A10 -B10
# sed
替换某一行:
sed -i 'Ns/.*/replacement-line/' file.txt
sed 'Ns/.*/replacement-line/' file.txt > new_file.txt
删除空行:
sed -i '/^[[:space:]]*$/d' file.txt
删除某些特定字符的行:
sed -i '/pattern to match/d' ./infile
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5410757/how-to-delete-from-a-text-file-all-lines-that-contain-a-specific-string
删除最后一行:
sed -i '$ d' foo.txt
# awk
# 逗号分割取第二行
awk -F, '{print $2}' test.txt
awk -v FS="," '{print $2}' test.txt
# 指定输出分割符
awk -v FS="," -v OFS="@@" '{print $1,$3}' test.txt
# 输出整行$0
echo "Hi, this is my first answer on stackoverflow" | awk '{ print $0 }'
# 输出行号 NR,所以NR-1表示从0开始
awk '{print NR-1 "," $0}'
# if判断
sed 's/::/|/' | awk -F\| '{ if ( $2 >= 50 || $3 >= 50 || $4 >= 50 || $5 >= 50 ) print $0 }'
读取其中某一段:
awk '{if(FNR > 10 && FNR < 50) print $0}' filename
# ps
pids=$(ps -ef | grep java | awk '{print $1}')
kill -9 $pids
# tail
多个文件:
tail -f *.log
# history
history -c (for delete history)
history -w (save history)